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Are you ripped? Do you need to work on your abs? Do you know your ideal body weight? Your body fat index? Increasingly, Americans are being sold on a fitness ideal - not just thin but toned, not just muscular but cut - that is harder and harder to reach. In Body Panic, Shari L. Dworkin and Faye Linda Wachs ask why. How did these particular body types come to be \"fit\"? And how is it that having an unfit, or \"bad,\" body gets conflated with being an unfit, or \"bad,\" citizen?Dworkin and Wachs head to the newsstand for this study, examining ten years worth of men's and women's health and fitness magazines to determine the ways in which bodies are \"made\" in today's culture. They dissect the images, the workouts, and the ideology being sold, as well as the contemporary links among health, morality, citizenship, and identity that can be read on these pages. While women and body image are often studied together, Body Panic considers both women's and men's bodies side-by-side and over time in order to offer a more in-depth understanding of this pervasive cultural trend.

A comprehensive survey of the periodic table of the elements including the work of precursors, and the discovery of the periodic system by six independent scientists. Other chapters are devoted to Mendeleev, the impact of modern physics including Bohr's quantum theoretical approach. The extent to which modern quantum mechanics is able to explain the periodic system is carefully examined.

Introduction cette étude visait à rapporter l´expérience des prestataires de soins dans les maternités d´Abidjan en matière de rééducation périnéale en évaluant leur niveau de connaissance et leurs attitudes pratiques. Méthodes une enquête a été menée auprès des obstétriciens et sages-femmes exerçant dans une maternité d´Abidjan depuis au moins deux ans. Les informations ont été recueillies sur un questionnaire à questions directes, ouvertes et semi-ouvertes. Résultats cent vingt praticiens ont été sélectionnés dont 66 sages-femmes et 54 obstétriciens. Un total de 79,6% des obstétriciens et 37,9% des sages-femmes officiaient dans un centre hospitalier universitaire. L´indice de connaissance des sages-femmes était bon ou moyen dans 25% (intervalle interquartile [IIQ] 16,8-48,3). Tandis que les obstétriciens avaient un niveau de connaissances bon ou moyen dans 65% (IIQ 41,1-48,3). La majorité des prestataires convoquaient les femmes dans le post partum, mais seulement 7 soignants sur dix contrôlaient le périnée et deux obstétriciens sur dix proposaient une rééducation périnéale. Conclusion le faible niveau de connaissances des sages-femmes et obstétriciens ivoiriens sur la rééducation périnéale du post-partum et le manque de pratique suggèrent la nécessité d´une mise à niveau perpétuelle de ceux-ci à travers des formations continues.

En 1998, le dépôt de Trelly (Manche) a été découvert à la suite de prospections électromagnétiques. Une rapide opération de sauvetage réalisée à la même époque a permis de constater la présence d'autres objets, la plupart remués par des labours récents. L'intérêt principal de ce petit dépôt, d'une trentaine d'objets à base cuivre, est l'association entre des haches à douille de type armoricain (types de Plurien, de Tréhou et surtout de Couville) et des bracelets typiques du Hallstatt D1-D2. Si le dépôt était bien connu grâce à la publication de quelques objets lors de l'exposition « Nos ancêtres les Gaulois » présentée à Nantes en 1999 à l'occasion du XXIIe colloque de l'AFEAF, aucune analyse n'en avait été menée. Dans le cadre d'un nouveau programme de recherche mené à l'université de Rennes 1-Beaulieu (UMR « CReAAH ») concernant les objets à base cuivre protohistoriques et leurs compositions élémentaires, des analyses chimiques ont été réalisées sur la plupart des objets du dépôt. Les résultats obtenus montrent que quelle que soit la taille des haches les teneurs en plomb et en cuivre sont variables et souvent très fortes. Les teneurs en étain sont faibles mais assez constantes. En réalisant deux analyses par hache, on démontre que cette variabilité de composition se retrouve au sein même des objets, conduisant à dire que les différences observées entre individus ne sont pas significatives. Cependant, la dispersion des compositions au sein de l'ensemble des objets du dépôt est continue, ne montrant pas de rupture, laissant penser que ces objets ont pu être fabriqués selon un même procédé technique. La comparaison entre les différents types d'objets montre que les bracelets sont seulement légèrement enrichis en étain. Les teneurs en éléments-traces pour l'ensemble des objets sont quant à elles très similaires, montrant ainsi l'homogénéité du dépôt. Ainsi, les analyses, en plus des travaux de terrain et de l'observation de la patine des objets, confirment une similitude de composition chimique. En conclusion, si elles ne confirment pas formellement le synchronisme entre les haches à douille et les bracelets du Hallstatt moyen/final, du moins apportent-elles un argument supplémentaire dans ce sens, et surtout elles ne le contredisent pas. Pour réellement confirmer cela, il faut continuer à analyser entièrement d'autres dépôts de la même région, en prenant aussi en compte des dépôts du Bronze final III. Discovered in 1998, the Trelly hoard (Manche, France) was discovered through electromagnetic surveys. A quick emergency dig revealed the presence of many artefacts, most of which had been displaced by recent ploughing. The main interest of this small hoard, consisting of about thirty copper-based artefacts, resides in an association of Armorican-type socketed axes with bracelets typical of the Hallstatt D1-D2 period. While this hoard was well-known due to the presentation of several artefacts at the exhibition \"Nos ancêtres les Gaulois\" held at Nantes in 1999, no analyses had been carried out and the artefacts remained unexploited. In the framework of a new research programme concerning prehistoric copper artefacts and their elementary composition, most of the artefacts from this hoard were the subject of chemical analyses. Many large hoards discovered in Brittany, Normandy and the Channel Islands contained only Armorican-type socketed axes. These deposits were said to belong to the final stage of the Bronze Age (Briard, 1965; Rivallain, 1971). New archaeological excavations in Brittany and in Normandy, such as Kergariou, Quimper, Finistère (Menez et al., 2005; Menez & Gomez de Soto, 2006; Gomez de Soto et al., 2009) confirm that this original phenomenon dates from the second period of the First Iron Age. The Trelly hoard also belongs to this period, because of the synchronism of Armorican-type socketed axes and bracelets dated from the middle/late Hallstatt period. This hoard is composed of socketed axes (one of the Tréhou type, one Plurien and eighteen of the Couville type, and two fragments of large axes), five bracelets and fragments of bracelets (one open bracelet decorated with transverse incisions, one open massive bracelet with a sub-rectangular section resembling a gear-wheel, a fragment of an open and massive boss bracelet with a plano-convex section, a fragment of a massive bracelet with a plano-convex section decorated with four transverse incisions, a closed and massive bracelet with a circular section), a fragment of a shank with a rectangular section, a fragment of an artefact made of grey metal composed of a shank with a sub-rectangular section ending in a conic boss, a circular ring with a 'bezel' composed of two plates with joined central cupulae. The main artefacts of the Trelly hoard have been analysed to check their homogeneity. Similarly, the homogeneity of the artefacts' composition was controlled by performing duplicate analyses whenever possible. Each sample consisted of 40 mg of metal. The samples were dissolved in 20 ml of 2/5 aqua regia in order to analyse them by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (Jobin-Yvon 138 Ultrace ICP-AES). The concentration of the metallic solution was 2 g.L-1. In order to determine the concentration of each metal studied by ICP-AES, a calibration range was defined between 0 and 2 g.L-1. Standards of the main elements (Cu, Pb, Sn) were prepared twice in order to have a calibration range close to the concentration of these elements in the samples (table 2). This procedure greatly improved the quality of the analyses. Five multi-element standards were prepared to analyse trace elements (As, Mn, Bi, Zn, Ag, Sb, Ni, Fe, Co; table 3). Calculated uncertainties are due to experimental errors when samples were weighed and dissolved. The values give an error of 1.6% for tin and lead, and an error of 2.2% for copper and trace elements. The analyses show that Trelly socketed axes have a high lead content, similar to that of Armorican-type socketed axes previously analysed. However, the Trelly socketed axes contained only a small amount of tin (table 4). The amounts of lead and copper present strong variations: between 42.5% and 93.6% for copper, and 4.4% and 56.2% for lead. However, most of the analyses show a copper content of between 55% and 80% and that for lead between 17% and 42%. Tin contents are lower, ranging from 0.3 to 9%, but most of the analyses lie between 0.3% and 4%. Trace element contents (As, Sb, Bi, Zn, Ag) are high, whereas nickel and cobalt contents are very low (table 5). On each axe, two analyses were systematically carried out in two locations: on the opening of the socket and on the cutting edge. These analyses revealed an important variability within each axe (fig. 5). These variations mainly concern copper and lead contents. The maximum differences reach 24% for lead, 23% for copper and 1% for tin between the cutting edge and the socket opening. Variability between all the axes is less significant for the copper and lead contents than for that of tin. Differences in trace elements between the cutting edge and the socket of a given axe are clear (fig. 6). For the major elements (Pb, Cu, Sn; fig. 7), the boss bracelet, 'gear-wheel' bracelet and ring contain little lead, unlike the main Trelly axes. The tin/copper ratio is not equal between the three artefacts and the axes because of a slight enrichment of tin in the bracelets and the ring. Nevertheless, it is difficult to distinguish the compositions of these three artefacts from those of the other artefacts in the hoard. Indeed, two Couville-type axes have the same chemical composition as the bracelets and the ring. The bracelets decorated with incisions have the same lead/copper ratio as the other artefacts, but their tin contents are higher than those for the Couville-type axes. The variability of trace elements is more important than that of the major elements. However, their mix is homogeneous between all the artefacts in the hoard. It could thus be seen as a signature of the hoard, if we make the assumption that these artefacts were made from the same copper, lead and tin raw materials. A significant difference of composition between the bracelets and the axes could indicate that these artefacts were not made from the same raw materials. Alternatively, another possible hypothesis is that the socketed axes could have been made earlier and re-employed during the Hallstatt D1-D2 period. Thus, even if the similarity of the chemical compositions of the Armorican-type socketed axes and those of the Hallstatt D1-D2 bracelets prove these artefacts are strictly contemporaneous, the results do not contradict the first hypothesis. The systematic analysis of several hoards like the Trelly one in the same geographical area will be interesting. It would be possible to see if a local or regional signature exists, suggesting the same metallurgical techniques and the same supply of raw materials. It is interesting to analyse a large quantity of samples in order to see the variability of trace elements. This information is important for investigating the homogeneity of hoards. If a strong heterogeneity is shown, it is possible to envisage the re-employment of metal cast during an earlier period. To confirm this hypothesis, not only should several hoards from the same metal horizon be studied, but also hoards from earlier horizons.

Until now, wave hindcasting in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence has been done with one-dimensional models. The objective of the present paper is to verify if the two-dimensional model WAWSP, developed to predict waves on the Great Lakes, could be used in the St. Lawrence estuary, a semi-open fetch limited region. Waves (significant wave heights, peak periods, and directions) hindcast by this 2D model are compared with wave data observed at two buoys in 1991, 1992, and 1993, as well as with the ones obtained with 1D models SPM-77 and SPM-84. As a whole, the 2D model gives better results than 1D models. Wave heights are well reproduced, as long as wind data are well represented. However, wave periods are much smaller than those measured, and wave directions are not accurate, mainly because of the presence of swell in the estuary. This study shows the need to obtain more wave data with better quality in order to validate wave hindcasting models.Key words: water waves, numerical modeling, wave hindcasting, 2D model, wave climate, wave height, wave period, wave direction, calculated versus measured waves.